Many a times as well, it provides opportunities for individuals and corporations to hold governments by their esophagus. While private funding of political candidates and political parties by individuals looks harmless enough, it is most times an innocuous channel of funneling drug proceeds and slush funds into the system. In America and other democracies, violations of these laws carry strict penalties. To safeguard the integrity of the electoral process, laws are enacted to guide and guard the infiltration of “bad money” into elections. Between the year 20, it was estimated that the total spending in American presidential elections almost doubled from $3.1 billion to $5.8 billion. Elections require considerably huge expenditure. Because money is both spirit and human, money has mouth, talks and is a major voice in electoral politics. This is because it involves major ethical issues that can compromise the integrity of the electoral process.Īll over the world, election campaigning is not a tea party. ![]() In developed democracies, campaign financing is a big issue which the state is interested in. It is the how, when and where political parties and individuals vying for elective offices will raise and spend money with which they will influence political votes in their favour. So, how will Bola Tinubu, AtikuAbubakar, Peter Obi and presidential candidates of other political parties in Nigeria fare in the rat race to outspend one another? Where does each of them hope to secure this breathtaking campaign funding?Ĭampaign funding or financing is a major and important part of the electoral process. It is a season to witness the ascendancy of a massive, multi-billion Naira campaign industry which rivals the national budget. September is Nigeria’s presidential campaign flag-off, preparatory to the February 2023 election. We suggest that the need to avoid terrestrial predators, as well as longer digestive bouts during bulk food periods, may override cathemerality in favour of diurnality in these bamboo lemurs.Finally, the month is here. We propose a divergent adaptive explanation for folivorous lemurids. Our findings partly contrast with previous predictions for frugivorous lemurids. Our best-fit model revealed that increased canopy exposure and dietary fibre predicted greater diurnality. We tested the effects of thermoregulation, predator avoidance and the weighted proportion of digestible dietary fibre on the daily diurnal/nocturnal activity ratio using a Linear Mixed-Model. We linked continuous activity data collected from archival tags with observational behaviour and feeding data from three groups of adult Hapalemur meridionalis from January to December 2013. genus Hapalemur, provide a divergent model to explore these hypotheses due to gastrointestinal adaptations for digesting dietary fibre and small body size compared to Eulemur. Since Eulemur lack specializations for digesting bulk food, this strategy would allow for processing fibres over the full 24-h. However, these have only been explored in the frugivorous genus Eulemur, with some species increasing nocturnality as a possible response to avoid diurnal raptors and to increase their ability to digest fibre during resource-scarce periods. Four non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the ultimate determinants for cathemeral activity in lemurs: thermoregulatory benefits, anti-predator strategy, competition avoidance and metabolic dietary-related needs. activity distributed across the 24-h cycle), this includes very few primates, exceptions being species from Aotinae and Lemuridae. Though numerous mammalian taxa exhibit cathemerality (i.e.
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